Graphs of motion, Grade 10 Physics The relation between graphs of position, velocity and acceleration as functions of time is summarised in Figure 3.10. Important: Often you will be required to describe the motion of an object that is presented as a graph of either position, velocity or acceleration as functions of time. The description of the motion represented by a graph should include the following (where possible): whether the object is moving in the positive or negative direction whether the object is at rest, moving at constant velocity or moving at constant positive acceleration (speeding up) or constant negative acceleration (slowing down) You will also often be required to draw graphs based on a description of the motion in words or from a diagram. Remember that these are just different methods of presenting the same information. If you keep in mind the general shapes of the graphs for the different types of motion, there should not be any difficulty with explaining what is happening. Worked Examples The worked examples in this section demonstrate the types of questions that can be asked about graphs. Worked Example 1: Description of motion based on a position-time graph Question: The position vs. time graph for the motion of a car is given below. Draw the corresponding velocity vs. time and acceleration vs. time graphs, and then describe the motion of the car. Answer Step 1 : Identify what information is given and what is asked for The question gives a position vs. time graph and the following three things are required: Draw a v vs. t graph. Draw an a vs. t graph. Describe the motion of the car. To answer these questions, break the motion up into three sections: 0 - 2 seconds, 2 - 4 seconds and 4 - 6 seconds. Step 2 : Velocity vs. time graph for 0-2 seconds For the first 2 seconds we can see that the displacement remains constant - so the object is not moving, thus it has zero velocity during this time. We can reach this conclusion by another path too: remember that the gradient of a displacement vs. time graph is the velocity. For the first 2 seconds we can see that the displacement vs. time graph is a horizontal line, ie. it has a gradient of zero. Thus the velocity during this time is zero and the object is stationary. Step 3 : Velocity vs. time graph for 2-4 seconds For the next 2 seconds, displacement is increasing with time so the object is moving. Looking at the gradient of the displacement graph we can see that it is not constant. In fact, the slope is getting steeper (the gradient is increasing) as time goes on. Thus, remembering that the gradient of a displacement vs. time graph is the velocity, the velocity must be increasing with time during this phase. Step 4 : Velocity vs. time graph for 4-6 seconds For the final 2 seconds we see that displacement is still increasing with time, but this time the gradient is constant, so we know that the object is now travelling at a constant velocity, thus the velocity vs. time graph will be a horizontal line during this stage. We can now draw the graphs: So our velocity vs. time graph looks like this one below. Because we haven’t been given any values on the vertical axis of the displacement vs. time graph, we cannot figure out what the exact gradients are and therefore what the values of the velocities are. In this type of question it is just important to show whether velocities are positive or negative, increasing, decreasing or constant. Once we have the velocity vs. time graph its much easier to get the acceleration vs. time graph as we know that the gradient of a velocity vs. time graph is the just the acceleration. Step 5 : Acceleration vs. time graph for 0-2 seconds For the first 2 seconds the velocity vs. time graph is horisontal and has a value of zero, thus it has a gradient of zero and there is no acceleration during this time. (This makes sense because we know from the displacement time graph that the object is stationary during this time, so it can’t be accelerating). Step 6 : Acceleration vs. time graph for 2-4 seconds For the next 2 seconds the velocity vs. time graph has a positive gradient. This gradient is not changing (i.e. its constant) throughout these 2 seconds so there must be a constant positive acceleration. Step 7 : Acceleration vs. time graph for 4-6 seconds For the final 2 seconds the object is traveling with a constant velocity. During this time the gradient of the velocity vs. time graph is once again zero, and thus the object is not accelerating. The acceleration vs. time graph looks like this: Step 8 : A description of the object’s motion A brief description of the motion of the object could read something like this: At t = 0 s and object is stationary at some position and remains stationary until t = 2 s when it begins accelerating. It accelerates in a positive direction for 2 seconds until t = 4 s and then travels at a constant velocity for a further 2 seconds. Worked Example 2: Calculations from a velocity vs. time graph Question: The velocity vs. time graph of a truck is plotted below. Calculate the distance and displacement of the truck after 15 seconds. Answer Step 1 : Decide how to tackle the problem We are asked to calculate the distance and displacement of the car. All we need to remember here is that we can use the area between the velocity vs. time graph and the time axis to determine the distance and displacement. Step 2 : Determine the area under the velocity vs. time graph Break the motion up: 0 - 5 seconds, 5 - 12 seconds, 12 - 14 seconds and 14 - 15 seconds. Step 3 : Determine the total distance of the car Now the total distance of the car is the sum of all of these areas: ∆x = 10 + 28 + 4 + 1 = 43 m Step 4 : Determine the total displacement of the car Now the total displacement of the car is just the sum of all of these areas. HOWEVER, because in the last second (from t = 14 s to t = 15 s) the velocity of the car is negative, it means that the car was going in the opposite direction, i.e. back where it came from! So, to find the total displacement, we have to add the first 3 areas (those with positive displacements) and subtract the last one (because it is a displacement in the opposite direction). ∆x = 10 + 28 + 4 − 1= 41 m in the positive direction Worked Example 3: Velocity from a position vs. time graph Question: The position vs. time graph below describes the motion of an athlete. What is the velocity of the athlete during the first 4 seconds? What is the velocity of the athlete from t = 4 s to t = 7 s? Answer Step 1 : The velocity during the first 4 seconds The velocity is given by the gradient of a position vs. time graph. During the first 4 seconds, this is Step 2 : The velocity during the last 3 seconds For the last 3 seconds we can see that the displacement stays constant. The graph shows a horisontal line and therefore the gradient is zero. Thus v = 0 m · s$^{−1}$. Worked Example 3: Drawing a v vs. t graph from an a vs. t graph Question: The acceleration vs. time graph for a car starting from rest, is given below. Calculate the velocity of the car and hence draw the velocity vs. time graph. Answer Step 1 : Calculate the velocity values by using the area under each part of the graph. The motion of the car can be divided into three time sections: 0 - 2 seconds; 2 - 4 seconds and 4 - 6 seconds. To be able to draw the velocity vs. time graph, the velocity for each time section needs to be calculated. The velocity is equal to the area of the square under the graph: Step 2 : Now use the values to draw the velocity vs. time graph. Xem thêm: Physics 10.II Motion in One Dimension High School Students Studying the Sciences Physics